Over the last 100 years, knowledge regarding drug toxicity has increased significantly, especially since the thalidomide tragedy of the mid-20th century. This tragedy marked the beginning of rigorous drug approval and monitoring systems, and marketed drugs are much safer nowadays. However, there are still many uncertainties regarding the testing of novel drugs, especially considering the existing models, which do not always cover all important aspects of the physiology. Unfortunately, omission of some of these aspects still causes tragedies following the actual drug validation process, for example, in the U.K. in 2006 (TGN1412), and in France in 2016 (BIA 10-2474).
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